“Hitler Became Chancellor in January 1933 Because He Was...

â€Å"Hitler became chancellor in January 1933 because he was the leader of the most popular party in Germany† – How far do you agree with this opinion. Hitler did not become chancellor in January 1933 because he was the leader of the most popular party in Germany, it was however to do with the support of the elite that made him Chancellor. There were other factors also such as the decline of the Weimar Republic and the economy but it was mainly to do with the conservatives. One factor that shows that the support of the elite was the reason that Hitler had become Chancellor was the event of the Bamberg conference. It could be argued that this conference had changed the ideology of the NSDAP and had made it more conservative. In the Bamberg†¦show more content†¦The political violence in the run up to the election was the perfect excuse for the removal of the SPD dominated Prussian government. President Hindenburg ordered the army to seize control; this resulted in the new regime in Prussia to be an authoritarian one. This demonstrates how the destruction of thee Weimar republic could have been the reason why Hitler had become the chancellor. However it did not directly make Hitler the chancellor, while the support of the conservatives did. Although it does show that Hitler did not become the chancellor due to the fact that Hitler did not become the chancellor due to the fact that he was the leader of the most popular party. The fear of a communist takeover could also show how it was due to the support of the conservatives is the reason Hitler had become the chancellor. The KPD had seen its vote increase from 3.2million in 1928 to 5.9 million in November 1933. It was the Nazi’s determination to reduce the communist militia that caused conservatives to back Hitler. There were a number of influential industrialists and bankers including Hjalmar Schacht, IG Farben and Gustav Krupp, who put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. The reason behind why they had done this because they feared loosing their wealth and power in the event of a communist takeover. This shows how the support of the conservatives had led to Hitler to being chancellor, as it was them that pressurised HindenburgShow MoreRelatedHitler Became Chancellor in January 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany.’ How Far Do You Agree with This Opinion?965 Words   |  4 PagesHitler’ s assumption of power on the 30th of January 1933 was seemingly due to the mass popularity of the Nazi party. However it was far off achieving the 50% majority it needed to put Hitler automatically in power. As well as popularity, backstairs intrigue and the short-sightedness of those in power enabled Hitler to become Chancellor. The weaknesses of Germany’s political leadership were fundamental to Hitler’s success. In some senses the popularity of the party only provided an opening, available forRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement Free Essays

In Martin Luther King‘s speech he speaks with such passion and determination, you can tell in his voice that he means everything he says and his hope reaches out to people and the way he emphases his words captures the audience’s attention. He believed that every person should be equal despite their skin color. In Malcolm X’s speech he talks more about himself and he thought it would be best for everyone to keep their religion to themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now He believed that the black people were trapped by the white people. He thought of white people as the enemy and he mostly spoke negatively about them. He made jokes throughout his speech and to me he didn’t sound at serious as Martin Luther. For example Martin said â€Å"Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. As opposed to Malcolm X, who stated in his speech â€Å"There is nothing in our book, the Koran, which teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That’s a good religion. † Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted a more peaceful approach. He hoped that w ith sit-ins and peace marches to appeal to the ideals of dignity and justice in the white people of the time. To show them the wrong they were doing so that they would want to correct it in themselves out of their own personal honor. Malcolm X on the other hand believed that white people would never give up their power, at least early on in his career as a civil rights leader. He believed they would only give it up if forced to do so, and that meant through militant means. He eventually give this idea up in favor of more peaceful means after finding white Muslims who treated him and other black men as brothers; and black men who treated white people as brothers as well. And with this he began to realize that they could live in peace, and so he switched to a more peaceful style in his protests in the end. Personally, I believe that Martin Luther’s approach to gaining equality among people worked best. When taking a forceful approach, such as Malcolm X’s you take a risk that your enemy will not fear you but that they could possibly fight back and over power you. This could possibly be said for a peaceful approach as well but it’s less likely. How to cite Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, Papers

Business Ethics Personal Ethical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethicsfor Personal Ethical Perspective. Answer: Brief Description of Ken's Character and the Way it Influenced his Decision-making Ken was an entrepreneur who was very opportunistic at a glance. He would see a market gap and ensured that he has to do something about the missing commodity. For instance, when the problem of deregulation of natural gas occurred in the United States, Ken decided to run a gas industry. With the advice offered by McKinsey consultant, Jeff Skilling, Ken saw it has a great opportunity for him to develop Enron Company. Besides, he saw a great opportunity in doing of electricity business in Washington, and due to his mindset driven by financial aspirations; Ken lobbied this commercial endeavor (DesJardins McCall, 2014). They later on, purchased power plant in this state and started running of the electricity business. In spite of looming market at that particular moment, their tactic of exploiting consumers was discovered. Therefore, this discovery subjected Enron Company to a constant battle with the law. He did not take the time to scrutinise the challenges rather it was driven by the need to make money. Moreover, Diermeier et al., (2017), depicted Ken as a man who is greedy. According to the case study, Ken with its employee's likes of Skilling exploited their customers with the view that they grow rich. However, they were careful with the issue of being found doing the unethical practice to the public. Additionally, the greed for money made them to continually open other branches in other countries such as China, South Korea, and India without considering the one which was already in existence to stabilize. Ken's Spirituality that may have Influenced his Decision-making Ken's character as far as spiritual matter is concerned can be described in three ways which include; hopeful, respect, and integrity. Ken was a very confident man and ran his business activities without any challenge at the beginning. He was always under the umbrella of experts in the commercial world and with the guarantee from the lending organizations. More so, the supply to the company was responding in a way which gives one an array of seeing the brighter future. Additionally, he had the full support from the buyers. In a nutshell, he felt privileged and thus making his decisions as advised by his staff was not a matter of doubt. He could do anything and take the business as per the instructions were given to him by his close team members such as Andrew Fastow and Jeff Skilling (He, Pittman Rui, 2016). Besides, respect was also part of the spiritual aspects which Ken used during the making of judgments concerning the running of the business. According to his principal, they tr eat other people exactly the way they expect to be treated. This appears more of sarcastic bearing in mind that they were exploiting people and that meant exploitations from other parties should as well drive the decisions they made. Apart from that, Ken valued integrity in running of his business. According to his perception, they work with customers openly, sincerely and honestly. In his view, they will only do things in which they promised to do and vice versa. Transformational Aspect Transcending fear was experienced much later when the company was on the verge of collapsing, and their ordeal on how they would carry out trading activities had been discovered by the customers and the authorities. One of the indicators in these phenomena was characterised by filing for bankruptcy since they were being faced with quite some debts in which they were supposed to settle but were out of financial capability. Furthermore, the introduction of aggressive accounting policies shows that they were no longer stable and thus needed the second opinion about the operations of the enterprise on monetary grounds. Disturbing the system transformation was attributed to the introduction of an online business platform by Skilling. According to Carroll Buchholtz, (2014), Skilling wanted to transform the company into the digital podium. However, his main agenda was to use it in stealing from his boss since Ken was not aware of anything to do with information technology. Likewise, the expenses of running such were too high thus rendering the company bankrupt. Enticing through the moral power was also experienced at large. Ken was seen as a very honest and man of integrity, but the underlying truth was that he was not. However, he used these tactics to get what he wanted. More so, his staff such as Skilling was so loyal, but in a real sense, he was using this to climb the ladder to manipulate Enron Corporation. Ethical Decision-making and Action Ken never applied any of the decision-making processes in running the company. These steps includes: stop and think, clarify goals, determine facts, develop options, consider consequences, choose and monitor and modify. Enron did not stop and think about his decision on deregulation of electricity and make the necessary move before setting up the company in Washington. The second step which entails clarifying goals was the only part in which they were concerned. It depicted by decision of Skilling to defraud the company. This concept was very wrong since it failed to follow the right procedure of carrying out business Shaw Barry, 2015). Likewise, the Enron did not consider the consequences of running the corporation in the manner in which they did. Also, Ken did not consider the facts such as being arrested as a result of running a business in an illegal way. Moreover, choosing to trust in his employees to much was unethical. It is seen when he allowed Skilling to employ use of onli ne business in the corporation something he was not even aware. Consequently, leading to bankruptcy of the firm due to the expenses inquire as a result of too much cash in which it was operated. Therefore, it is prudent to highlight that the application of the right decisions in the company were absent since everything was done illegally by all the stakeholders. The moral dilemma lies upon the unending trust given by Ken to its employees. Ken should have worked using the principal of monitor and modify since this decision-making technique gives one an opportunity to make sound judgment on all the important matters in the corporation (Weiss, 2014). Discuss the importance of moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character in decision-making Moral sensitivity entails the ability to see a dilemma in the ethical standards of an individual. It touches more on Skilling to evaluate how his decision of defrauding the company may affect the entire corporation and thus taking the correct precaution before doing using online podium to steal from the firm (Peterson Albaum, 2016). It is important to make projections before committing any business ordeal. Moral judgment encompasses correct reasoning about the course of action during a given situation. It was pivotal for entire staff of the Enron Company to scrutinize carefully the moves by their boss concerning the unhealthy mechanisms of making money before engaging in them. It is necessary to put oneself in the predicament before making conclusion. Moral motivation, on the contrary, is a way of explaining realism. It is important in that one relies more on the real aspect of the action before making the judgment. The ruling by the court that likes of Anders be jailed was necessary so as to curtail the behavior of embezzling the public. According to McAlister, Marcos Ferrell, (2016), Ken did not apply this crucial aspect by encouraging his staff to make money for the organizational in dubious ways such as stealing. The company was faced with a lot of wrong ways of doing business such has exploitation of clients and making way into business without following the correct procedures. Likewise, doing business by making others fail for example attempts on deregulation of electricity in Washington. The moral character entails the need to act in a responsive way while carrying oneself in business. It encompasses values such as honest and transparent. It was failed by Ken when he demanded his staff to work in a fraudulent. It is important since it gives business people an essence of working in a moral way in the community. Ethical Interpersonal Communication Mindfulness discussion was applied in the company though not up to the latter stages. For instance, the engagement between Ken and Skilling at the beginning concerning the starting of the business showed an affirmative action taken by the company. However, Jurkiewicz Giacalone, (2016) states that, the act of Ken taking the opportunity without further consultation with the authorities after the deregulation of gasoline in the United States showed that he was an inconsiderate man. It depicted him as a very selfish individual who clinches any opportunity at hand without any consideration. The act of exploiting people by developing a culture filled with arrogance in delivering their services to the clients gives one a clear picture of a company made up of unscrupulous individuals who do not care about the needs and the desires of their consumers. Also, Adhariani, Sciulli Clift, (2017) affirms that, Enron Company was driven by the urge of making profits in their business by using dubiou s methods such as stealing and cheating. Therefore, this shows that they lacked mindfulness communication to the general public. Effective listening entails being keen to what one says before making a discussion or responding. In the case study, this is seen when Glisen pleads guilty to the judges to which he was subjected to by the court of law concerning the conspiracy and fraudulent deeds which faced him as the employee of the Enron Company. This suggested that Glisen had been listening carefully as the court read out the judgment and thus making up of the ruling (Johari, Mohd?Sanusi Chong, 2017). Employing of Skilling as the accountant in the company proved that Ken was listening effectively to his views concerning the financial matters of the firm. Nonetheless, it took effective listening for Ken to build a gas bank as advised by McKinsey consultant, Jeff Skilling. It showed that Ken did not take the idea deliberately as given by the friend. Exercising Ethical Influence Ken was a man who was full of ambitions and trust for his team. Consequently, this subjected him to the making of the decision in a way which was filled with directions from part of his team whose primary agenda was to steal from him. Most of the decision he gave were harsh since according to him, he was in the business to grow wealthy and thus he expected staff to use all the available mechanisms to persuade and exploit customers as long as they are not got in the act. As a matter of fact, Bowie, (2017) highlighted that Kens powers led to the complete destruction of Enron Company caused by discovery from the authorities and the consumers on the exploitation menace brought about by Ken and his counterparts. He was more of a dictator and wanted to make his way into royalty in financial stability world which later on cast him and their employees into many cases. Apart from that, Ken is also seen as a man who used just powers in influencing his staff. He gave them the mandate to perform some duties without his consent (Matulich Currie, 2016). For example, the online platform proposed by Skilling was implemented without objection or ill treatment from Enron Company. It was okay with him since he viewed that anything which was being projected by his employees was meant to enable the company to grow. References Adhariani, D., Sciulli, N., Clift, R. (2017). An Introduction to the Ethics of Care. In Financial Management and Corporate Governance from the Feminist Ethics of Care Perspective (pp. 17-48). Springer International Publishing. Bowie, N.E., 2017. Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. DesJardins, J. R., McCall, J. J. (2014). Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Diermeier, D., Diermeier, D., Crawford, R. J., Crawford, R. J., Snyder, C., Snyder, C. (2017). Arthur Andersen (B): From Waste Management to Enron. Kellogg School of Management Cases, 1-6. He, X., Pittman, J., Rui, O. (2016). Reputational implications for partners after a major audit failure: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(4), 703-722. Johari, R. J., Mohd?Sanusi, Z., Chong, V. K. (2017). Effects of Auditors' Ethical Orientation and Self?Interest Independence Threat on the Mediating Role of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision?Making Process. International Journal of Auditing, 21(1), 38-58. Jurkiewicz, C. L., Giacalone, R. A. (2016). Organizational Determinants of Ethical Dysfunctionality. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(1), 1-12. Matulich, S., Currie, D. M. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of Frauds, Scams, and Swindles: Failures of Ethics in Leadership. CRC Press. McAlister, D. T., Marcos, S., Ferrell, O. C. (2016). Corporate governance and ethical leadership. Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, 56. Peterson, R. A., Albaum, G. (2016). Benchmarking student attitudes regarding ethical issues. Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, 115. Shaw, W. H., Barry, V. (2015). Moral issues in business. Cengage Learning. Stephenson, S. S. (2017). Reflective Ethical Decision: A model for ethics in accounting education. The Accounting Educators' Journal, 26. Weiss, J. W. (2014). Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

tough choices Essay Example For Students

tough choices Essay I was asked to think back about something memorable and to write an essay about a lifes lesson learned. In high school, soccer was very important to me. It was my favorite sport. My freshman year I decided to pick and focus on only one of the many sports I had played in the passed. I came to the conclusion that I should play soccer considering it was one I was strongest at. I also enjoyed soccer more than the other sports I had played because it was a tough sport, which was a challenge to me. During the years I played high school soccer I made a decision in which when I look back on, I think I could have handled differently. I never spoke up. I would just do what I was told to do. Whatever I was told to do I did it the best I could. I thought that cooperating, listening and giving it my best shot is what would get me ahead before someone else. But I was wrong and that has cost me dearly. We will write a custom essay on tough choices specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As a freshman I played soccer for Paramus Catholic High School. I started as a forward on their junior varsity team. As the season went on the varsity coach noticed my aggressiveness and moved me up to play with our varsity team. To be picked out of all the girls on the team I cant tell you of a better feeling of self-pride. Then as a sophomore I transferred to Hackensack High School. There, I again started as a forward for their junior varsity team. Later into the season I was brought up to practice with varsity. I practiced with varsity but only played in a couple of games. Imagine my disappointment, I joined the soccer team to play, not sit on the bench. I worked so hard in practice to prove myself but it got me nowhere, not even a chance. So I asked to be moved back down to junior varsity where I could play. At least on the junior varsity team I was recognized for my efforts. As a junior I tried again and made the varsity team at tryouts. I was excited because we had lost a lot of seniors and I expected to get more playing time. Upperclassmen always played over underclassmen. But I was wrong. Instead I sat the bench and freshmen played over me. Senior year came and I made varsity. I stuck it out in practice and yet again underclassmen were playing over me. In my discouragement I quit the team. I should have said something. I should have spoke up. I should have asked why my coach didnt play me. Maybe there was a good reason that I could have fixed. He wasnt that good of a coach or else we would have had a better soccer team. He had his favorites and thats all that mattered to him. It didnt matter how much I practiced or how hard I tried I was just there in case one of his favorites got hurt. What would have happened if I did speak up for myself? My high school soccer career is on personal experience of great significance to me. Although this situation isnt favorable to me the effects that came from it are. From this I learned I cant let people push me around. My coach was in total control of what I did and didnt do on that team. I didnt speak up for myself and thats why he walked all over me. This experience with my coach led me to be a very strong person. I always stick up for myself and take total control over situations when someone tries to undermine me.

Causes of the Peloponnesian War

Causes of the Peloponnesian War Free Online Research Papers According to Thucydides, the cause of the Peloponnesian war was the fear of the growth of the power of Athens throughout the middle of the 5th century BC. The Peloponnesian war was long awaited by Thucydides; in fact there were many reasons and events leading up to the start of military aggression. Resentment and tension between Sparta and Athens began after the Spartans chose not to continue in siege against the Persians but to return home. Nonetheless, the Athenians continued to fight and began to show that they had a strong military and could stand without the Spartans. Because of this many of the smaller city-states on the islands in the Aegean Sea and in northern Greece became Athens allies; thus, they became known as the Delian league. The Athenians were collecting taxes from the other city-states in the Delian league therefore their fleet had become by far the largest and most fearsome navy in the region in conjunction with their infantry advancement. This tax was in exchange for the protection that the Athenian fleet and army provided. One of the Athenian leaders, Pericles, used some of the tax money to rebuild the Athens walls, for defensive purposes, and to offensive military growth. This show of Athenian power frightened the Spartans, and Corinthians as well, who now saw the Athenian growth of power as a threat. Causing tension with the Spartans and Corinthians the Athenian navy came to the aid of the Corcyraeans against the Corinthians. The threatening Athenian strength became more apparent to the Spartans. This happened because Epidamnus became involved in a political struggle where the Democratic Party had taken control of the colony’s government and forced the aristocrats out of power. The aristocrats joined with a cruel, ruthless group and attacked the city and its surrounding areas seeking revenge from the democrats for their actions. Epidamnus began looking for help and sent a request to Corcyra for military involvement. Corcyra refused to help the Epidamnians in their political struggle and consequently they sought for the assistant of Corinth. Nonetheless, the Corinthians sent ships to stop the violence. The Corcyraeans saw the Corinthians interference as disrespectful so they decided to send their own ships to stop the Corinthians. Adding more fuel to the fire, the Corc yraeans made an alliance with Athens who already has their own feud with Corinth for many years. The Corinthian fleet engaged the Corcyraeans and consequently the Corinthians lost the battle. This defeat fueled the Corinthians passion against the Athenians even more. The final event that caused tension leading up to the outbreak of violence in the Peloponnesian War was when Potidaea, a member of the Delian league, rebelled against Athenian control. The city-state built barricades to resist Athenian army occupation which incited rebellion all over in the region in Chalcidice and Bottiaea. The Athenians sent troops into the region by ship, but they were also fighting the Macedonians in the same region and had difficult time suppressing that revolt. When Athens ultimately made a treaty with Perdiccas, the Macedonian leader, they were then turned-on by the Macedonians as they began fighting side-by-side with the Corinthians, who had come to the defense of the Potidaeans. Despite their recent setbacks, the Athenians were able to gain control of most of the region upon the arrival of reinforcements. Corinth called a meeting of the Peloponnesian assembly at Sparta because they saw that their own citizens were now trapped in Potidaea. Almost immediately following this meeting the Peloponnesian decision was to declare war because the complaints against the Athenian Empire were deemed irreconcilable. The Spartan and Peloponnesian demanded that the Athenians withdraw from Potidaea and that all the city-states in northern Greece be given their freedom. Despite the declaration of war, three ambassadors were sent to Athens over the course of winter in attempts to declare peace; however, neither side could come to a resolution. Nonetheless in the summer of 431 BC the Thebans, a member of the Peloponnesian League, attacked Plataea, Athens oldest ally. This drew Athens to Plataea’s defense, which in turn brought the Spartans and Corinthians to the side of their ally which marked the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Research Papers on Causes of the Peloponnesian WarComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

An Analysis Of Roddy Doyles Wr

An Analysis Of Roddy Doyles Wr Essay An Analysis of Roddy Doyles Writing StyleRoddy Doyle is an Irish novelist from Dublin, Ireland, who has written several award winning anovels. Through the use of a variety of literary techniques, Doyle has been able to delve into the thoughts and minds of his characters, so that the reader can easily empathize with them. Specifically, through the use of vernacular language, detailed imagery, and stream of consciousness in two of his novels, The Woman Who Walked Into Doors and Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha, Roddy Doyle is able to successfully depict what occurs in the minds of both abused women, and adolescent boys, respectively. In The Woman Who Walked Into Doors, Roddy Doyle tells the story of a recovering alcoholic who has been in an abusive marriage. This woman, Paula Spencer, struggles throughout the novel to gain control of the confusion her life has become. Through his use of the vernacular, detailed imagery, and stream of consciousness, Doyle is able to show the effect that abuse has on its victims. Ever since she was a child, Paula Spencer was treated with disrespect. She attended a grade school which classified her as an idiot. As Paula described it, All the classes are named after Irish musicians. We were just 1.6. We got the worst room the worst teachers, the dopesIt was a fright, finding out that I was stupid (Doyle Doors 28). This use of vernacular language is seen throughout this novel. Doyles technique of writing in the vernacular is very effective in getting his point across, plain and simple. In this case, Doyle is able to effectively show the psychological abuse Paula suffered as a child and what effect it had on her. This is most likely where Paulas disrespect for herself stemmed from, and most likely what lead to her tolerance of the physical abuse yet to come. At a young age Paula married a man named Charlo Spencer. It was quite apparent from the beginning that Charlo was not the right man for Paula. However, she married him anyway, and over their seventeen years o f marriage Paula Spencer was severely beaten by her husband. The entire novel is about how Paula tries desperately to sort through her confusion. Since Doyle tells her story in the vernacular it is very easy for the reader to relate. Doyles language and first person narrative perfectly catch Paulas erratic thoughts, as she tries to sort out the tangled strands of her memory, and tries to recover those which are lost.(Cape 1)Paulas use of vulgar words throughout the novel is helps express the anger, pain and confusion she is feeling. Doyle does not try to clean up the language. His use of the vernacular in Paulas thoughts and speech conveys the anger and pain that an abuse victim feels. For instance:They were all the same; they didnt want to know. Theyd never ask. Heres a prescription; now fuck off. The young ones were the worst, the young ones in CasualtyI should have boxed her ears. A kid in a white coat, playing. Shouting at the nurses. A fuckin little child with no manners(Doyle Doors 190)Here Paula is describing the doctors who she sees every time she needs medical attention after she has been beaten by Charlo. It is apparent through her choice of words that she is angry and also that she wanted help, but didnt quite know how to get it. Her frustration with her situation is evident in her choice of words. Not only does Doyle do an excellent job in showing the abuse through his use of the vernacular, but he is also able to vividly describe the abuse to the reader through detailed imagery, conveyed through the thoughts of Paula herself. READ: A Lesson before Dying EssayThroughout the novel, Paula Spencer vividly describes the episodes when Charlo beats her. The images her descriptions give the reader make it very clear how painful and frustrating it is for abuse victims. For example:He pushed me back into the corner. I felt hair coming away; skin fighting it. And a sharper pain when his shoe bit into my arm, like the cut of a knife. He grunted. He leaned against the wall over me. I

Evaluation of Learner Performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of Learner Performance - Assignment Example The complexity factors are often associated with the dynamism and constant interactions among various attributes and dimensions of training and organizational goals, training situations, trainees, and technologies aiding instructions (Bushnell, 1990). Evaluation goals entail varying purposes at assorted levels. The purposes entail the evaluation of instructional materials, student learning, the return of investment, transfer of training and many other factors. To attain all the mentioned purposes, collaboration among different people is essential at different parts of an organization. Furthermore, some of the goals of learners are never well defined and may change with the passing of time. Attempts have been made to come up with approaches to assist in tackling the various complexities associated with learner evaluation. How technology can be incorporated to address these challenges has also been highlighted.Similarly, approaches to evaluation and even associated models are covered in depth. The variety of approaches used in evaluation has their foundation in systematic approaches for training designs. They are characterized by systems of instructional development. Evaluation mainly targets the final stages of systematic approach usually within the main aim of improving the interventions. The other reason can be to aid in making judgments about worthiness and effectiveness of an instructional design. In the recent past, most instructional system developments have incorporated evaluation all through the process (Carnavale & Schulz, 1990). Six approaches applied in instructional evaluation have been identified as, goal-based evaluation, goal-free evaluation, responsive evaluation, systems evaluation, professional review, and quasi-legal. Systems and goal-based evaluations  are predominantly applied in evaluating training. This has led to the proposal of a variety of evaluation frameworks. Kirkpatrick’s model is widely used and is based on the criteria of reaction followed by learning the behavior and finally results.   

The EU and US Data Protection Approaches and their Sustainability Essay

The EU and US Data Protection Approaches and their Sustainability - Essay Example The US has also mounted a scathing attack at the EU Data Protection Directive claiming that it is fast becoming outdated and with time its practicability in implementation will deteriorate (Bercic and George, 2009). Herein after this paper takes a look at the different approaches used by the US and the EU to protect individual’s personal data and which among the two approaches is sustainable in the long run. Data Protection in the Europe With the internet boom starting to take place in the mid-90s, the European countries saw it fit to come up with one regulatory framework that will ensure that the data is about to be generated and shared among users will be safe. Instead of each country independently regulating their own information technology industry, common guidelines were instituted on where each country will base their data protection laws. This regulatory framework was known as the EU Data Protection Directive (Long and Quek, 2002). All member countries, who are also sig natories of the European Commission on Human Rights (ECHR), were required to enforce the provisions therein in within the first three years. The EU Data Protection Directive This is a directive that is meant to protect data and regulate its usage within the European Union. It has 34 articles providing specific instructions about how data should be handled in specific situation. It is based on 3 principles; transparency, legitimate purpose and proportionality (Tavani, 2007). The issue of transparency is covered from article 7 through 12. Using this principle the Directive states that the data subject reserves a right to be informed when his personal data is being collected for processing. The data controller is the person or the... This essay focuses on the US and the EU that are among the blocs that have been on the forefront to promote data protection and hence privacy. The right to privacy is a fundamental human right that is presented as a main focus of the essay. Whereas the US has no specific regulation scheme that is designed to regulate the collection, processing and transfer of personal information, the EU has one. The US has also mounted a scathing attack at the EU Data Protection Directive claiming that it is fast becoming outdated and with time its practicability in implementation will deteriorate. Herein after this essay takes a look at the different approaches used by the US and the EU to protect individual’s personal data and which among the two approaches is sustainable in the long run. After taking into considerations all these factors that were explored by the researcher, it is clear that the EU approach is more sustainable in the long run. The reasons are that though it is sparingly fl exible it does not require this flexibility as it is not the final regulation but just the framework, the member countries can revise their data protection rules as the environment changes provided they are within the framework. The current EU Data Protection Directive is still serving the critical stimulus role to taking data protection very seriously, abandoning it would be disastrous, and instead it should be a reference model for other countries or blocs. The idea of an international standard is the only way to foster globalization in this technological era.

Natural Disaster and the Retail Business Owner Essay Example for Free

Natural Disaster and the Retail Business Owner Essay Disaster and the Retail Business Owner Natural Disaster and the Business Owner People make difficult decisions in business everyday. People that make these decisions have to stand by them. The situation in this assignment, speaking of hurricane Katrina, I have mixed feelings on the business owner Brian decision. From a person on the outside looking in perspective, I felt he was wrong for raising the prices of the hotel rooms. But in reality, I had to put myself in the shoes of the business owner. In this situation I believe Brian should not give Lilly’s job back. It was Lilly’s decision to quit her job because she felt that Brian choice to raise the prices was wrong. Due to Brian being the owner of the motel it was his prerogative to raise the rates. Lilly told Brian if he was going to raise the rates then she would quit. I think Brian’s response by telling her by telling her to do what you have to do was more than fair. I felt Lily disrespected Brian telling him she quit and hanging up on him. That helps support my decision to not give her job back. Also, what happens when Brian makes a decision she doesn’t like? What says she won’t react and quit again? If I understand these terms correctly, I fell Lily falls under Deontology. She spoke her mind because it her decisions to do so and it was her right to do so and it was not for the greater good. I believe Brian falls in the category of Deontological Ethics as well. It was his right to raise the rates of his motel rooms. It was also his right to le Lilly go if she didn’t agree with his decision. Hurricane Katrina was a perfect opportunity to make money of a natural disaster. Many businesses took the opportunity to raise prices to profit of natural disasters. The decisions to profit off natural disaster are not happiness based. These higher prices will affect the hurricane victims. If Brian’s decision was to lower rates to accommodate hurricane victims, he would be bombarded with customers and most likely lose money. This would cause unhappiness to the business owner and happiness to the customer. I believe Lilly did not support her decision because if she did she would have not reapplied for the job. Brian did raise the rates regardless of Lily’s argument and threat to quit. So why did she quit if she was going to try to get her job back. References https://cdad. trident. edu/CourseHomeModule. aspx? course=17amp;term=110amp;module=1amp;page=bkg

Stock Options Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Stock Options Since the late 1980’s more and more people have been given the opportunity to purchase stock options. As of 2001, ten million employees have chosen to purchase stock options. Another survey established that 97 of the top 100 e-commerce companies gave the choice of options this year. For these reasons, it is important to understand what stock options are, the different types of options, and their advantages and disadvantages. A stock option gives any employee the right to buy a certain number of shares in the company at a fixed price for a certain number of years. Employees who have been given the choice of stock options hope that the share price will go up and that they will be able to cash in by purchasing the stock at the lower grant price and then selling the stock at the current market price. Stock option plans can be a flexible way for companies to share ownership with employees, reward them for performance, and attract and retain a motivated staff. These plans could also encourage the employees to look in that best interest of the company and other shareholders. For growth-oriented smaller companies, options are a great way to preserve cash while giving employees a piece of future growth. They can also work for public firms whose benefit plans are well established, but who want to include employees in ownership. Options are not a mechanism for existing owners to sell shares and are usually inappropriate for companies whose future growth is uncertain. They can also be unappealing in small, closely held companies that do not want to go public or be sold because they may find it difficult to create a market for the share. There have been disagreement on whether or not options are actual ownership. Some believe they are ownership because employees do not receive them for free, they use their own money to purchase the share. Others believe that since the employees can sell their shares a short time after purchasing them they do not have the long-term ownership goal. A few simple terms with stock options are a call, a put, and a premium. A call is the right to buy the stock, a put is the right to sell the stock and its premium is the price of the option. Overall, options allow you to participate in price movements without committing the large amount of funds needed to buy stock outright. ... ...s are even hired, stock options enable companies to recruit better employees. Once the employees are hired, they work harder for the sake of the company as well as a rise in their shares, and therefore, the company is able to retain hard working elites. Another positive remark about stock options is that companies are not required by GAP to record them as an expense which, in turn, inflates their earnings. Just as before with the employee’s stock income, the company receives a tax deduction as well. When the employee exercises his stock then sells it in the market he receives an income, and this amount received by the employee is equal to the tax break granted to the company. Hence, the larger the price difference, the better it is for both the employee and employer. To conclude, stock options are increasingly being used as incentives for employees in companies around the world. Statistics state that the increased use of stock options privileges has increased the work ethic of employees, thus increasing sales. Stock options are a good non-cash compensation for increasing the moral of employees, but one should note that the underlying tax regulations could be complicated.

University of California Personal Statement Prompt 1

I always have distorted the tone whenever I’m asked from where I come from, knowing that the casual sound would not raise any curiosity or would not lead to another question of why I am here. Mexico is the answer; a beautiful country where I was born, where I was raised, and where my parents struggled to give me a life where I would not lack of anything, yet, I lost them as they tried to fight for this. A country filled with corruption, where there is more fear for an authority than a civilian, where there is a question whether you can do something for them in exchange.My parents had a different vision of what they wanted in life, their vision has shown me that you have to defend your principles regardless of how they are seen. I have lost contact with them due to the circumstances that they are in, I wish I could tell them how I really feel, how I am writing a college application to the best universities in California, how through experience I have learned to appreciate the a ctual community where I am present.In 2009, a tedious legal process of guardianship had the some regulations met that qualified me to go live with my legal mother; my surroundings were against my placement and decision of leaving, but under my circumstances and my perspective, I had to. I was told that I was leaving everything I knew behind and that the place and way where I was going to reside was insidious. The answer that I gave contained words of my principles that I defended which stated that I was not leaving everything behind but actually going forward with my future and vision of my life.I left with an idea, and now, that idea is a task that I will achieve, this task for me is meaningful and ulterior. I want to be a citizen that functions as a contributor to its society, I desire for a family that I never had, a stability where my future children would take me to their school for their show and tell, and they will think that their dad is an invincible person and their mom is the sweetest mother in the world.I can picture their euphoria when I attend to their high school graduation, I can hear myself saying; â€Å"I’m proud of you, son† with a fat check on my coat for them to go to whichever University they want to attend. As American history would define it, I am in pursuit of the American Dream, and the rewards are going to be limitless. I do not see anything as not being possible, I am grateful for the opportunity that I am given as a student, grateful for the encouragement of my teachers and the security of this country. But above all, I am thankful for being taken into a process of admission that will determine my future.

McDonald’s Organizational Structure

In 1940, Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonalds Bar-B-Q restaurant in San Bernardino, California. McDonalds offered hamburger, cheeseburgers, soft drinks, coffee, potato chips, and pie, which their big seller at that time was their 15-cent hamburger. McDonald’s achievement is constructed on the groundwork of personal and professional integrity. In 1955, a businessperson named Ray Kroc purchased the company from Richard and Maurice and began to take the company to new heights.Over the years McDonalds grew bigger and bigger and became what it is today which is the world’s largest food service retailer with over 30,000 locations in 119 countries. Below will outline McDonalds as a corporation and the organizational structure they have within the company. Functions of McDonalds McDonald’s has over 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries which most of the restaurants are normally franchises; which they all obtain their food and packaging from the same offi cial vendors worldwide.With that said, every McDonald’s organizational structure is the same so a McDonalds in the United States is the same as a McDonalds in China which all of the important decisions comes from the corporate level in the United States. McDonalds believe their success is based on their business model, which is represented by a stool with three legs, which are owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees. McDonalds has not been always the giant in the industry in an annual customer satisfaction study, McDonald’s was scored dead last among fast-food restaurants since 1992.In the fourth quarter of 2002, McDonalds has disclosed its first-ever quarterly loss, one reason why McDonald’s is struggling is that the consumers began to switch to its competitors, such as Burger King, Wendy’s, and Subway (Han, 2008). These other companies emphasized on giving customers fresher, hotter, better quality foods at lower price along with faster service than McDonalds. With that being said McDonalds made the decision to close over 700 restaurants because they were performing inadequately.When this happened, the corporate team was thinking that they might not be competitive anymore within the fast food industry. The major competitors of McDonalds are Burger King and Wendy’s, who their structures are not much different from McDonalds because they are ran the same from a corporate standpoint. Burger king along with Wendy’s has multiple locations around the world but where McDonalds has, the upper hand is they having more franchises around the world than both Wendy’s and Burger King put together.With along the companies having the same structure they all have different views on how they run their businesses. One thing is for sure that each company’s decisions starts at the top and works the way down the change to each individual store or restaurant. McDonalds believes the best people lead to the best busine ss results (McDonalds Corporate). McDonalds wants to guarantee that they have the best leaders that can move McDonald’s into the future.Over the decade, McDonalds has strategically improved their efforts and investments in talent management, from applying a reliable and precise talent planning process at their own learning academy, which is Hamburger University. These investments are part of a complete worldwide talent management strategy to ensure they have high-performing, dedicated leaders, a diverse pool of candidates for the future and a culture that both requires and supports learning and development (McDonalds Corporate).In the Marketing, function of McDonalds they are dedicated to communicating responsibly, along with they would like to use their brand to make a difference in everyone’s lives. For years, McDonald’s global marketing strategy has helped ensure that their advertising and marketing is clear, appropriate and that it addresses all ages from ch ildren to adults. To McDonald’s, the most vital tactical method for sustaining their leading position is to preserve their major markets while at the same time increase their business into the other developing markets.However, different consumer groups in different countries may have very different tastes and/or requirements (Han, 2008). Therefore, each full operating geographic unit of McDonald’s was required to solely responsible for producing and marketing its products in that region. Through this regional structure, McDonald’s could not only satisfy the local consumers’ needs in different geographical areas but also pursuing ‘maximum local development’ (Han, 2008). In fact, each McDonalds produces and markets somewhat different kinds of products in different areas, along with they even have different prices.McDonalds Competitors McDonald’s organizational structure is a little different from most companies because McDonalds has so m any different franchises around the world but the best structure that suits McDonalds I think is the centralized structure because McDonalds needs to make sure that control is supported through all of their franchises. McDonalds needs to guarantee that customer experience and quality is consistent at every McDonalds is maintained. At each location McDonalds has managers, assistant managers, and crewmembers.For the bigger decisions such as marketing and advertising, these decisions, come from the corporate headquarters and then are passed down to each store. For example, if the marketing department is promoting a new product, they will test it out at a couple locations and if the new product is a hit with customers, they will have that product at every location. This is why customers see new products on the menu only for a limited time because corporate headquarters is testing the product in different geographic areas.At McDonalds, each department has a particular job function and th is allows McDonalds to be so successful around the world. In conclusion, for 72 years McDonalds has been growing bigger and bigger to become one of the largest fast food restaurants in the world. McDonald’s achievement is constructed on the groundwork of personal and professional integrity. Although each franchise may have different menu items to suit, different customer needs.All the stores are run from one place in the United States, which is the corporate headquarters and here is where the men and women plan their next move to bring McDonalds to new heights around the world. Hundreds of millions of individuals around the world trust McDonald’s restaurants. McDonalds win that trust everyday by serving safe food, respecting our customers and employees and delivering outstanding Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value (McDonalds Corporate). I believe that Richard and Maurice would be proud of what has become of their vision, which was to give individuals in San Bernard ino, California a nice quick meal.

Write 1-2 Page Critique Of The quot;BIg Fat Liabilityquot; Case

Write 1-2 Page Critique Of The quot;BIg Fat Liabilityquot; Case Write 1 "Paternalism" versus "autonomy" Part Paternalism and autonomy are vivid in the Big Fat Liability case. Paternalism involves withholding information such as the truth form an individual so as to benefit them (Conly 10). For the case of the Big Fat Liability, information on consumer health by the McDonalds Company touches on autonomy and paternalism is concerned (Sebok 1). The company focuses on processed meat, French fries and salt. This is straightforward information that does not necessarily need to be advertised. In this case paternalism may not apply much in this case. The company has made it clear on its current changes; thus, presenting the clients with clearly information on health prospects of the company (Sebok 1). Autonomy, on the other hand, involves free operation with minimal government interference (Conly 16). The government did not interfere with the Big Fat Liability case as it argued that the obese teenage girls were not forced to eat at McDonalds and that they could easily see the contents of the food presented to them (Sebok 1). Autonomy applies more in this case as opposed to paternalism since no information was withheld from the customer. Part 2 Marketing is not just a psychological exploitation of customers. Flint writes that "successful" marketing schemes involve coalition between the agencies and retailers (6). This means that the retailers can drive the retail market and even become excellent shoppers even without manipulation of their psychology. A good example is the clients of Walmart that have exciting and collaborative shoppers with minimal manipulation of their psychology (Flint 6). Conly, Sarah. Against Autonomy:  Justifying Coercive Paternalism. NY: Cambridge University Press,  2012. Print. Flint, Dan. â€Å"The Hub Top 20†. The Hub Magazine, May/ June 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. Sebok, Anthony. The "Big Fat" Class Action Lawsuit Against Fast Food Companies: Is It More Than Just A Stunt? 14 Aug. 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

International Business Environment in Ireland Case Study - 1

International Business Environment in Ireland - Case Study Example Within the combination of various factors that influence development, the government of Ireland embraces peace and socio-cultural integration so that the country is able to recognize business partners as part of their economic development stakeholders hence handling business partners with the diligent they require. Cut in government spending is also a factor which boosted the performance of the economy of Ireland. Tax reduction was meant to reduce the cost of investment and attract foreign investors in the country. That is why Microsoft was attracted to invest in information technology business in Ireland which generated a lot of economic activities and contributed positively towards the gross domestic product. With control over the inflation, the country is able to gain from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increasing the number of the business transaction between traders and intergovernmental organization to the benefit of the country. However, with the peaceful transition in government, the economic state of the country has withstood the tough global economic challenges that face many countries in the global market resulting into heavy losses in business and trade as a whole (Gordon Bigelow, 2003, p. 45). The overall ability of a country to attract foreign investment also depends on membership of an economic trading block. In case of Ireland membership of European economic commission not only provided the market to the country but also enabled it to diversify its export products. Initially, Ireland depended on the markets of the united kingdom alone which relied mostly on agricultural products only. Through membership of the economic block Ireland was able to open up to competition for its products as well (Philip, 2000, p. 17).

Fossil case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fossil case - Essay Example ed by Fossil can be clearly construed as heterogeneous in nature, which is so because the customers would tend to search for the products first and then chose the one which suits them best and satisfies their wants. The essential characteristics of such products and the consumer decision making is listed below. The sequence of product lifecycle is where a new product evolves through series of stages over a period of time. These stages are the development of the product, moving to introduction, then growth, maturity and finally decline. There reason that has been associated with the changes in the product life cycle and the creation of such a sequence is change in the situation of marketing which resultantly affects the marketing strategy and marketing mix,. Marketing mix is commonly referred to as the 4 P’s of marketing. These 4 P’s are the parameters that the marketing manager can control subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. Pricing is a main feature of the marketing mix and the only one which generates revenue. It would be better for the company to increase the buying capability of the customers to gather larger revenue

America Prior to the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America Prior to the Civil War - Essay Example The most important changes at the time of industrialization were the development of machines that replaced hand tools, the use of steam and power that substituted for the use of muscles of man animals, and the adoption of factory system. The Industrial revolution started in Great Britain in the mid-18th century. America was behind because its population was more occupied in farming and trading. It was too slow to adopt machineries because, as a new nation, America had little capital for investment. Labor was scarce since men were pushing westward and were engaged in clearing forests, and establishing themselves on the land (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). Industrialization in the United States started in 1790 and is credited to Samuel Slatter who copied the mill technology from the British model. Slatter came to the United States in 1789 and was hired to build a mill. English laws do not allow export of machineries or plans on making it. So Slatter des igned the mill from his memory and built it in 1790. When British products became difficult to obtain because of war, American investors thought of building more factories and machineries; thus, historians aptly called these changes as the first industrial revolution (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). Soon enough, New England developed the important textile industry. The inventions of the spinning and weaving machines operated on water made production more feasible. Other inventions were introduced. In Pennsylvania, smelting in stone furnaces produced iron for machines, tools, and guns. Charcoal was discovered in forested land. Steam driven spinning machines operated in New York by 1810. And by 1814, the first practical power loom was installed in Massachusetts. A factory system of production was also introduced in the shoe production in Massachusetts in the early 19th century (â€Å"Economic growth and early industrial revolution†). The use of m achines paved the way for an organizational strategy that implemented a factory system to increase productivity. The factory structure replaced the output work system wherein small parts of a larger production process were carried out in individual homes. In the factory system, work was done in a centralized location. The new system promoted efficiency in production. All these developments caused New England to be the first area in the United States to be industrialized. Invention in cotton production altered the shape of agricultural production. Prior to industrialization, historians cited farmers playing the pivotal role in the economy. Up to 1850, farmers accounted for 85% of the population (Scott). Tobacco cultivation, once profitable, gave way to cotton production. Cotton has diminished production of cattle, indigo and pine trees in the south. The price of labor increased because of the demand for slaves to work for cotton production. The cheap and easy way of cotton production made it easier for the masses to wear cotton dresses. Facts submitted by Dr. Carolle Scott (1997), a history professor, showed that British demand for cotton and the Midwestern settlement started the regional specialization and trade that now account for the economic term of comparative advantage. The development of machines is an era

Week 5 assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 5 - Assignment Example The cultural change that was introduced in the company turned around its near bankruptcy position with the assumption of Ricardo Semler, Antonio Semler’s son, a Harvard educated man. He implemented drastic change upon assumption as the new CEO of Semler. Upon assumption as the new CEO, Ricardo Semler fired two-thirds of the top management of Semler & Company and that included many close friends of his father. This would not have been possible under his father because Antonio Semler did not separate work from his personal relationships. The new set-up of the company was also a socially responsible to do to save the company and to introduce a new kind of company culture which is a total departure of the old autocratic style of leadership of the company. The young Semler felt that the old autocratic leadership thwarted people’s motivation and creativity. Thus, he decided that the authority to make decisions at Semco to be more evenly distributed to be more responsive and competitive in a globalized economy. In the process, he dismantled the rigid bureaucracy and structure of the company to make it more flexible based on the new three values of the company – employee participation, profit sharing and free flow of information. And to emphasize the change, even the name of the company was changed from Semler & Company to Semco. There were a lot of changes that can be considered drastic if it will be compared to the old leadership. Strategy wise, among them product was product diversification and the creati on of Nucleus of Technological Innovation (NTI). Leadership and ethical perspective was also changed to democratic and participatory to the point that employees can already direct themselves- set their own budget, even their own salaries and even the hiring and firing decision of both employees and managers and above all to make the company a professional and ethical business

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl | Analysis

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl | Analysis Linda faces sexual harassment for the father of her mistress Dr. Flint. He is a licentious and cruel male, like several slaveholders, tries to make Linda his concubine, and subjects her to many years of sexual harassment. Linda describes the anger and shock she felt through his sadistic attacks on her individual autonomy. According to Jacobs (18), Linda narrates that when Flint told her that she was made for his use, meant to obey all his commands, that she was nothing but a slave, whose will should and must surrender to his. Flint murmured impure things in Lindas ears, wrote impure letters but she pretended that she could not hear or she could not read. She shuns his advances by usually being in presence of others and she displays an incredible power over and opposition of Flints will. The wife of Dr. Flint is brutal and callous woman who constantly enjoys the despair of the slaves. Other than confronting her spouse as a result of his lecherous deeds, she displays her respect to male power and blames Linda as the cause of her spouses lust. Because she does not have much power to handle the issue, Mrs. Flint jealously and hatred to Linda enlarges and she turns out to be obsessed with trailing her every step. Linda elucidates that a thing that commands approbation in the white female only speeds up the deprivation of the woman slave (Jacobs, 28). Dr. Flint who is Lindas master and enemy has legal rights to do anything he feels like to Linda, but desires to seduce her through threatening and tricking her other than taping her. All through the novel, Linda consistently goes against him and disobeys to have a sexual affair with him. This infuriates Dr. Flint and he quickly fixates over the thought of contravening her unruly spirit. Flint never distinguishes that Linda is a human being who has feelings, unamenable rights and desires. Cruelty of slaveholders According to Jacobs, (270, Linda claims sympathy for women slaves for there is no law to defend her form violence, from insult, and even from death., which are all imposed by friends who possess the shape of men Instead, the slavery institution defends slaveholders form allegations of sexual violence and assault. If the slave was sexually assaulted, it wasnt an offense against her but an intrude on the property of her master, although it was always a master that attacked her. When her daughter was born, the heart of Linda became heavy since she was aware that slaverly was terrible for males, but was far much terrible for females (Linda, 77). Women slaves were the most susceptible servants because they could do work in the field, take care of children of their masters, and most significantly reproduce slave populace, which became increasingly more significant after prohibition of slave imports in 1808.s For instance, when Benjamin, L indas uncle is sold, the slave trader stated that he could offer any price if the good looking young man was a female (Jacobs, 23). Lindas moral character Linda illustrates her strong moral trait in several ways. At an early and pre teen age, she was given similar things that children of the mistress were given. Her master taught her how to spell and read, which a privilege is since majority of slaves were not taught. Although she saw this as a fair thing, she still helped her family members because of their kindness toward her and she was also conscious that people needed to be treated with respect. Jacobs (65) argues that when Dr. Flint constantly called her harsh names and abused her, Linda she knew that it was not correct and felt that Flint was corrupting her as well as her pure mind, but she chose to remain silent for terror of her severe outcomes, even death. Linda continues leading her life, helping him together with his family, but knowing well that he was cruel and unjust. Arrogance of slaveholders It was extremely egotistical of slaveholders to tell the slaves brutal lies about the North. A slaveholder once told Linda one of the slaves who happened to be Lindas friend was in an awful shape and was pleading to be taken back to her master. Later on Linda discovered that this story was not true and this former slave did not have any wish of going back to slavery. Unfortunately, majority of slaves believes these stories and chose to the thought of protective slavery to hard freedom. Linda is appalled by the idea of really aspiring to return to slavery, even if the tales were true. Linda states that the slaves would start to recognize their personal capabilities, and wield themselves to be women and men (Garfield Zafar, 43). Conclusion The dominant social issue of the book incidences in the Life of a slave girl is sexual harassment of slaves by their masters. Dr. Flint who is Lindas master requires her to do anything for him including a sexual relationship with her. However, Linda does not give in to his sexual demands because she wants to buy her freedom away from enslavement. What is the Concept of Nationalism? What is the Concept of Nationalism? Nationalism is a concept that is not easily defined. There are numerous definitions and forms of what is nationalism, and many of these definitions even overlap. However, there is no one definition that is more adequate than another. Keeping in mind that these definitions are constantly evolving, with thorough analysis and the juxtaposition of arguments set out by eight prominent scholars, a clearer definition of nationalism can be attained. To begin with, the most well know definition today is from Professor Anthony Smith. He states that nationalism is simply an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy, unity and identity for a population which some of its members deem to constitute an actual or potential nation (Anthony Smith, Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History, 2001, p.9). In this definition, Smith reveals what he believes the three main goals of nationalism are: autonomy, national unity, and national identity. Even Smiths profound definition has not been available for very long considering he was born in 1933. Although there is much argument on the definition of nationalism, Smith agrees that there is one main point of agreement and that is that the term nationalism is a modern phenomenon (Smith, Anthony 2001). Civic nationalism is basically defined as a group of people which have a certain loyalty to civic rights or laws and pledge to abide by these laws. Ethnic nationalism is basically a grou p that possess a common culture, language, land, etc. It is more specific in terms of who can be in it (McGregor 2010). Smith (1991) writes that every nationalism contains civic and ethnic elements in varying degrees and different forms. Sometimes civic and territorial elements predominate; at other times it is the ethnic and vernacular components that are emphasized (Smith, Anthony 2001). Smiths most important argument features civic and ethnic types of nationalism as opposed to eastern and western types. . Even more specifically, Smith makes the distinction between both civic and ethnic nationalisms. He also believes that Many modern nations are formed around pre-existing, and often pre-modern, ethnic cores (Theories of Nationalism Smith). Smith is claiming that nations had pre-existing-origins prior to their new origins of their new nation. One of the most popular arguments by critics is that the civic and ethnic viewpoint of nationalism collapses too much on the ethnic category. (http://cps.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/35/5/554). Smiths definition seems to be the foundation for nationalism. Other scholars go in to more detail on certain elements of the definition, but most relate back to Smiths original definition. On the contrary to Anthony Smiths definition of nationalism pertaining to the civic and ethnic type, Hans Kohn has argued that the two main types of nationalism are eastern and western. His definition is, Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state. (Hans Kohn, Nationalism, 1965) His argument includes both eastern and western types of nationalism which refer to eastern and western Europe. Eastern nationalism conceived the nation as an organic community, united by culture, language and descent (McGregor 2010). This could possibly be related to Smiths ethnic type of nationalism. Western nationalism conceived the nation as a political and civic community, held together by voluntary adherence to democratic norms (McGregor 2010). Again, western nationalism could be perceived as a civic type of nationalism. This can be recognized as two similar classifications on two unfamiliar grounds. Kohn believes that nationalism relates directly with the eastern and western Europe and that it is also where the state of mind of nationalism originated. The main criticism of Kohns classification of nationalism is him being over simplistic. He certainly does not go into as much detail as Smith on the definition and relates only towards Europe which most likely is why he is being identified as over simplistic. Carlton J. H. Hayes definition of nationalism states, Loyalty and attachment to the interior of the group (namely the nation and homeland) are the basis of nationalism. In this definition, a common cultural background and common cultural group are considered the main factors in forming a nation. That remains true with most of the definitions of nationalism. Hayes definition of nationalism seems to be more specific to the ethnic ties toward nationalism. (http://www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). Hayes is basically saying that land, language, and blood are the basis of nationalism. . He is saying that nation is something to be proud of. Hayes also believe that these ethnic qualities are the most important; even religion does not compare.   It is attachment to nationality that gives direction to ones individual and social postures, not attachment to religion and ideology. A human being takes pride in his national achievements and feels dependent on its cultural heritage, not on the history of religion and his faith (http://www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). This quote further proves Hayes view on nationalism and how it relates to ones culture and past, and specifically not related to religion at all. The reason Hayes definition is unique from others, is his emphasis that religion is not a factor in forming a nation. To further specify Hayes definition on nationalism he says, What distinguishes one human being from another are not their beliefs, but their birth-place, homeland, language and race. Those who are within the four walls of the homeland and nation, belong to it, and those who are outside it, are aliens. It is on the basis of these factors that the people have a feeling of sharing a single destiny and a common past. (http://www.al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/5.htm). This quote goes hand in hand with Hayess definition of nationalism and just further explains it. According to scholar Benedict Anderson nationalism is, a new emerging nation imagines itself to be antique. This is similar to how Anthony Smith and Hayes defined nationalism. It is mostly like the Smiths ethnic nationalism, which focuses more on the origin of the nation. Anderson focuses more on modern Nationalism and suggests that it forms its attachment through language, especially through literature. Of particular importance to Andersons theory is his stress on the role of printed literature. In Andersons mind, the development of nationalism is linked with printed literature and the growth of these printed works. People were able to read about nationalism in a common dialect and that caused nationalism to mature. (CITE). Andersons definition of nationalism and nation differ greatly from other scholars. He defines nation as an imagined political community. He believes this because the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Ultimately it is this fraternity th at makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings. Not only is Andersons theory distinctive because of the printed literature theory, but also the imagined political community. Peter Alter states, Nationalism is a political force which has been more important in shaping the history of Europe and the world over the last two centuries than the ideas of freedom and parliamentary democracy or, let alone, of communism. His argument is similar to John Breuilly in the sense that there is a strong emphasis on nationalism being a political force. Alter is saying that it has everything to do with being a political movement instead of the idea of freedom. In reference to nationalism, Alter states, It can be associated with forces striving for political, social, economic and cultural emancipation, as well as with those whose goal oppression. His outlook on nationalism seems much broader than other scholars. This particular reference virtually sums up many scholars definitions together. Alter does not seem to have a specific argument on nationalism, as in civic vs. ethnic or western vs. eastern but just an acceptance that nationalism could be based on all of these argum ents. Again, Alter says, It can mean emancipation, and it can mean oppressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ dangers as well as opportunities. There is no precise argument when he tries to define nationalism even though he does have the idea that nationalism is directly related to a political force. Alter also states that nationalism was important to shaping Europe, but most scholars agree with that statement to begin with. Scholar Ernest Gellner states that, nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Gellner has been considered the father of nationalism studies and was a teacher of Anthony Smith. Although most scholars would agree that nationalism appeared after the French Revolution, Gellner further argues that nationalism became a sociological necessity in the modern world. His argument is similar to the uniqueness of Benedict Andersons printed literature theory, but Gellner focuses more on the industrialization of work and cultural modernization to explain how nationalism expanded. Gellner believes that states only exist where there is division of labour, therefore the state comes before nationalism (http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~plam/irnotes07/Gellner1983.pdf). Like other scholars, Gellner believes that nationalism is a political force. There are many criticisms to Ernest Gellners theory, including Anthony Smith sayin g, It misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialization (Smith 1998). Historian John Breuilly defends a more modern theory of nationalism. He concludes, The rise of the modern state system provides the institutional context within which an ideology of nationalism is necessary. Breuilly argues that the process of state modernization provides an important factor in understanding historical signs of nationalism (http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/nationalism.html). Breuilly argues that nationalism does not have much to do with ethnicity or ethnic background, rather more to do with political motivation. This is not the first scholar who believed that ethnic background had nothing to do with nationalism. In fact, Breuillys definition relates well to Gellner in the sense that they both argue for political motivation. Nationalists are seen to create their own ideology out of their own subjective sense of national culture. (John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1982). This particular quote is quite similar to Andersons imagined political community theory. Breuilly does not support the ethnic side of nationalism nearly as much as others and, like Benedict Anderson favors nationalism as just a political force. Breuilly criticizes most scholars due to the fact that they believe in national culture because he believes there is no such thing. He believes that the political component of nationalism is by far the most important. Michael Hechter defines nationalism as a, collective action designed to render the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its governance unit (M. Hechter, Containing Nationalism, 2000). He further explains, Nation and governance can be made congruent by enacting exclusive policies that limit full membership in the polity to individuals from on one more favoured nations. In Hechters book, Containing Nationalism, he expresses his belief that the reason nationalism occurs is because of self-determination. Hechter explains how there are two different types of nationalism. The first one is sort of the ideology of freedom and he gives the example of the French Revolution. The second form is xenophobic or even goes as far as genocide (Hechter, Containing Nationalism, 2000). This explains where the different views of nationalism come in; civic vs. ethnic or eastern vs. western. Most importantly, Hechter defines many specific forms of nationalism to go beyond his original definition . These definitions include: state-building nationalism, peripheral nationalism, irredentist nationalism, and unification nationalism. (Hechter, Michael. Containing Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). Each scholars definition seems to have its own uniqueness to it; from Anthony Smiths ethnic nationalism. SIMILARTIES AND DIFFERENCES Political, cultural, ethnic, civic, eastern, western Summary Vast diversity of aims and aspirations, including unification, separation, cultural/linguistic preservation, territorial expansion, protection of external co-nationals, overthrow of foreign domination, establishment of national homeland Vast diversity of forms and styles, from aggressive and militaristic to peaceable and inward-looking Nationalism is inherently particularistic, but at the same time constitutes an ideology of general application People can not agree on the definitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.

Another Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays research papers

Ignorance and Racism Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, "Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargain" (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrad's great story telling, he has also been viewed as a racist by some of his critics. Achebe, Singh, and Sarvan, although their criticisim differ, are a few to name. Normal readers usually are good at detecting racism in a book. Achebe acknowledges Conrad camouflaged racism remarks, saying, "But Conrad chose his subject well - one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with psychological pre- disposition..." (Achebe, 253). Having gone back and rereading Heart of Darkness, but this time reading between the lines, I have discovered some racism Conrad felt toward the natives that I had not discovered the first time I read the book. Racism is portrayed in Conrad's book, but one must acknowledge that back in the eighteen hundreds society conformed to it. Conrad probably would have been criticized as being soft hearted rather than a racist back in his time. Conrad constantly referred to the natives, in his book, as black savages, niggers, brutes, and "them", displaying ignorance toward the African history and racism towards the African people. Conrad wrote, "Black figures strolled out listlessly... the beaten nigger groaned somewhere" (Conrad 28). "They passed me with six inches, without a glance, with the complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages" (Conrad 19). Achebe, also, detected Conrad's frequent use of unorthodox name calling, "Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His in ordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts" (Achebe 258). Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it through his own philosophical mind. Conrad used "double speak" throughout his book. Upon arriving at the first station, Marlow commented what he observed. "They were dying slowly - it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not cri... ... (Singh 278). Conrad didn't write his book to the extreme of racism. Overall, the natives appeared better humans than the Europeans in Heart of Darkness. Conrad's ignorance led to his conformity to racism. His ignorance of not completely "granting the natives human status" leads him to social categorization. C. P. Sarvan wrote in his criticism, quoting Achebe, "Racism and the Heart of Darkness," "Conrad sets up Africa 'as a foil to Europe, a place of negations... in comparison with which Europe's own state of spiritual grace will be manifest.' Africa is 'the other world,'..." (281). Achebe, Chinua [An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical, 1988. Sarvan, C. P. [Racism and the Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. Singh, Frances B. [The Colonialistic Bias of Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. Another Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays research papers Ignorance and Racism Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, "Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargain" (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrad's great story telling, he has also been viewed as a racist by some of his critics. Achebe, Singh, and Sarvan, although their criticisim differ, are a few to name. Normal readers usually are good at detecting racism in a book. Achebe acknowledges Conrad camouflaged racism remarks, saying, "But Conrad chose his subject well - one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with psychological pre- disposition..." (Achebe, 253). Having gone back and rereading Heart of Darkness, but this time reading between the lines, I have discovered some racism Conrad felt toward the natives that I had not discovered the first time I read the book. Racism is portrayed in Conrad's book, but one must acknowledge that back in the eighteen hundreds society conformed to it. Conrad probably would have been criticized as being soft hearted rather than a racist back in his time. Conrad constantly referred to the natives, in his book, as black savages, niggers, brutes, and "them", displaying ignorance toward the African history and racism towards the African people. Conrad wrote, "Black figures strolled out listlessly... the beaten nigger groaned somewhere" (Conrad 28). "They passed me with six inches, without a glance, with the complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages" (Conrad 19). Achebe, also, detected Conrad's frequent use of unorthodox name calling, "Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His in ordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts" (Achebe 258). Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it through his own philosophical mind. Conrad used "double speak" throughout his book. Upon arriving at the first station, Marlow commented what he observed. "They were dying slowly - it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not cri... ... (Singh 278). Conrad didn't write his book to the extreme of racism. Overall, the natives appeared better humans than the Europeans in Heart of Darkness. Conrad's ignorance led to his conformity to racism. His ignorance of not completely "granting the natives human status" leads him to social categorization. C. P. Sarvan wrote in his criticism, quoting Achebe, "Racism and the Heart of Darkness," "Conrad sets up Africa 'as a foil to Europe, a place of negations... in comparison with which Europe's own state of spiritual grace will be manifest.' Africa is 'the other world,'..." (281). Achebe, Chinua [An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical, 1988. Sarvan, C. P. [Racism and the Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988. Singh, Frances B. [The Colonialistic Bias of Heart of Darkness.] Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton Critical 1988.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essay

In today’s business world, competition is a big concern for nearly every corporation. The competition on the market is getting stronger and more difficult to overcome, in many situations corporations terminate their products, production, or their services, just because it is impossible to continue; the cost is too high to focus on gathering development projects in marketing, production, market research, and product innovation, to fight against the competitors. The kind of competition market described previously is an example of a Red Ocean Strategy. The market is oversaturated with companies and, basically, the organizations are cannibalizing each other for a market place with same consumers, for just little margins of profit. Examples of Red Ocean corporations are corporate giants such as Walmart, Target, Coca Cola and so on. These are the companies that compete to keep up in the market place, always beating the competitors with similar products. They manipulate existing dema nd and they align their business with its strategic choice of differentiation or low cost. Basically, it’s a struggle to float in the red water, where a shark can devour you at any moment. The Blue Ocean strategy version is more pleasant and calm. Imagine the blue ocean of the Pacific close by the French Polynesia, where the waters are blue, clear and have no vicious sharks to eat you. That’s where you want to swim alone, and enjoy the waters and the nature. In this version, the business has an unmarked market spaces so it creates a new demand; consequently, the competition do not matter. This strategy has an opportunity to have a big growth and high profits. The Blue Ocean Strategy is like a unique business, a blue fish, in the picture below, offering a product or service that has particular characteristics different from all the rest of the businesses existing in the market, like the red  fishes. Everyone goes in one direction but the Blue Ocean takes its own free direction. An example of Blue Ocean Strategy business would be â€Å"Le Cirque du Soleil.† At some point of our life we did went to see the circus. The circus’ performances were very popular for many centuries. This is an old concept – a group of artists and acrobats who travel the world with a tent, and with a diversity of wild animals to perform a spectacular show. The primary target was the children. Today, this concept is obsolete, although still exist in Europe. According The Wall Street Journal† †¦ Cirque du Soleil, the Canadian company that redefined the dynamics of a declining circus industry in the 1980s. Under conventional strategy analysis, the circus industry was a loser. Star performers had â€Å"supplier power† over the company. Alternative forms of entertainment, from sporting events to home entertainment systems, were relatively inexpensive and on the rise. Moreover, animal rights groups were putting increased pressure on circuses for their treatment of animals.† (Murray, 2014) A new era was created transforming the concept of what is a circus today. As the Wall Street Journal described, â€Å"Cirque du Soleil eliminated the animals and reduced the importance of individual stars. It created a new form of entertainment that combined dance, music and athletic skill to appeal to an upscale adult audience that had abandoned the traditional circus. (Murray, 2014) This new revolutionary strategy took an obsolete business, which was at risk of disappearing, to a new perception for a new audience. In this case there is no other similar idea which makes this business unique with no competition and with the possibility to grow and thrive. Another business similar is the Teatro Zinzanni: an event half-circus and half-dinner, located in a modern and cozy tent in Seattle, Washington, and San Francisco, California. During the 5-course dinner a show is staged with illusionists, tap dances, acrobats, musicians and cabaret artist performing. This is another way to have a fun and vibrating dinner, instead of a regular five star restaurant that is a little bit out of fashion. In conclusion, we have two kinds of markets – the Red Ocean and the Blue Ocean. Today a majority of the corporations and businesses are a Red Ocean. The Blue Ocean is the future of the world industry which opens a wide field of innovative opportunities to create new products and services.  Blue Ocean strategy will offer systematic and reproducible methodologies and be open to new advances, and always update the technology. References: Blue Ocean. (2014). Retrieved from www.investopedia.com: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blue_ocean.asp Halligan, B. (2006, September 15). Inbound Marketing. Retrieved from blog.hubspot.com: http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/54/Blue-Ocean-Strategy-A-Small-Business-Case-Study.aspx Murray, A. (2014). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from guides.wsj.management: http://guides.wsj.com/management/strategy/what-is-blue-ocean-strategy/ Zinzanni, T. (2014). Retrieved from teatrozinzanni/sf: http://zinzanni.com/sf/

The Ethics of Micro Finance

Christopher Martin ‘Micro-finance programmes are aimed at reducing poverty. What ethical challenges are raised by the operation of micro-finance and which ethical theory can best be applied to assess how Grameen Bank addresses these challenges? ’ Introduction: The essay seeks to examine the ethical issues raised by the operation of microfinance. In the first section, an overview will be offered. In the second section the ethical challenges posed by operation of micro-finance will be examined. In the third section, an overview of Grameen Bank will be given.Finally, in the fourth section, the ethical theories of Kant, Bentham and Aristotle will be applied to the ethical issues raised by the operation of Grameen Bank to see which theory best applies. 1. What is micro-finance? Conventional banks like we in the west know are not as widespread in the developing world. Even in places where there ‘mainstream’ banks do have operations, large numbers of people will no t be in a position to utilise their services. Such people have been termed the ‘unbankable poor’. The World Bank estimates that there are 2. billion people (nearly 40% of world’s population) who do not have access to formal financial services. Microfinance has emerged in the last few decades in response to the needs of such people for savings and loans facilities. It is an alternative to them have to use the services of what are colloquially termed ‘loan sharks’, who charge high rates so high that borrowers struggle to pay off the principal sum borrowed. Micro-finance is the provision of savings facilities and small value loans to typically to poor people in the Third World.Such people have a need for financial services, particularly as there is a lack of in rural areas where there is a lack of banking facilities. This makes it harder to makes deposits and so build up any sort of savings. For instance 1 †if you live in a straw hut in a village, finding a safe place to store savings is not easy. † People need sums for 2 â€Å"life-cycle events such as births, marriages & emergency situations. † Stuart Rutherford in ‘The Poor and Their Money' outlines the 3 â€Å" Three common ways of raising large sums i) selling assets they already own (or expect to, e. g. dvance sale of crops) ii) mortgaging or ‘pawning' those assets. iii) finding a way of turning their finding a way of turning their small savings into large lump sums. It is important to note that there is not any ‘one-size fits all' definition of poverty . Muhammed Yunnus asks the rhetorical question 4 â€Å"Who on the list below is poor and who is not: -a jobless person, -an illiterate person, -a homeless person, -a person who does not produce enough food to feed his or her family year round, -a person with a thatched house that lets in rain? -person suffering from malnutrition, -person who does not send his or her children to school? s treet vendor? Micro-finance may increase someone's income but that may just be spent on everyday consumption and not on addressing any of the different facets of poverty on Yunnu's list. For instance, using an increase in income to send a child to school. Savings The very poorest may be too risk averse to take out a loan as they may have an erratic income, for instance due to crop failure. Hence the need for savings. In micro-finance schemes there are two types of savings schemes: I) Locked in: not available for withdrawal until a member a customer left the bank.Used as loan collateral The use of this method was based on the 5 â€Å"Powerful perception tha that the ‘poor cannot save. † ii. Open-access savings which can, it is argued, 6 â€Å"generate much more net savings per client per year (and thus greater capital for the MFI) than compulsory, locked in savings schemes†¦ and provide a useful and well used facility for clients while doing so. † Fundamental to the repayment of micro-finance loans is the group dynamic principle. Peer pressure plays an important part in binding members together.Trust is built up and the commitment to repay is increased via mutually reinforcing behaviour. It can be described as a case of ‘one for all one and all for one' in terms of repaying the loan. -However, there are potential problems as it depends on the co-operation of members. However, 7 â€Å"if it goes badly, then they are all in trouble. † A benefit of individual loans is that 8 â€Å"the lending institution knows who exactly is responsible for the repayment of the loan, and does not get lost in a maze of group members referring to or blaming one another. ’’Section 2 ethical challenges Doubts have been cast on the overall utility of micro-finance programmes in reducing poverty. Some critics argue that 9 â€Å"that micro-finance programmes fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on income, address the symptom rather than the social cause of poverty†. The 10 â€Å"focus on income poverty† being reduced by 11 â€Å"the provision of credit for income-generation through self-employment. † Neglects to address the deep rooted causes of poverty such as lack of education and poor transport infrastructure.Micro-finance is concentrated on the ‘bankable poor' as they are seen as more able to take advantage of a loan to e. g. buy more equipment and so 12 â€Å" can take more risk than the poorest households without threatening their minimum needs for survival. † It is ironic that a program aimed at reducing poverty excludes the very poorest from participating. However micro-finance programs obviously the motive of reducing poverty. There are 13 ‘’MF premised on the notion that credit is a human right it can improve the lives of the poorest . †But as the very poorest are excluded the application of credit as a ‘human right' is not universal. If something is a ‘human right' is supposed to apply to all humans. In this case it doesn't so it would fail Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative†¦.. It could be argued that Yunnus is instead focussing micro-finance on those people who are in the position to benefit most from it. 14 â€Å"Although Yunus frames his vision of MF in the language of human rights, his ideas are in fact concerned with entrepreneurial rather than redistribution. † Thus he is a social businessman rather than a philanthropist.Micro-finance institutions are self-sustaining businesses rather than charities and so 15 â€Å"poverty reduction becomes an externality and not a goal as such†. Thus Yunnus and others could be charged as potentially using borrowers as means rather than ends. Section 3 Grameen Bank Economics professor Muhammad Yunnus was motivated to set up Grameen after being disheartened at the level of poverty he witnessed in rural villages in his native Banglad esh in the early 1970's. A catalysing experience was when he met 16 â€Å" Sufiya Begum, a woman from a village called Jobra.Like many others in her village, she relied on the local moneylender for the cash she needed to buy the bamboo for the stools she crafted. † That loan was only granted on the condition that she sold to him (the money lender) all of her output at a price determined by him. 17 â€Å" Thus, though hard working, she was trapped in poverty. † Furthermore the villagers were cut off from borrowing from 18 â€Å"conventional bankers since they had no credit histories and no collateral to offer, and could not even fill out the necessary paperwork because they were illiterate†. 1.Muhammed Yunnus's was focused on providing the loans to the landless as he saw them as being more entrepreneurial than tradition bound farmers. He was very much of the view that micro-finance could help the poor to help themselves through becoming self reliant. Grameen mean s village in Bengali. Muhummad Yunnus wanted the bank to be the antithesis of a faceless bureaucratic bank headquarted in a large city (even though it is now). He aimed at recruiting banking staff who would build up an understanding of the everyday lives of villagers and the challenges they faced.This would make it easier to identify which people would benefit most. Crucially this helped to engender the building up of levels of trust between the borrowers in village who took out the collateral free and contract free loans. Vitally the development of the level of trust necessary to ensure repayment collateral free loans without any contract was the process of group dynamic in binding borrowers together with mutually reinforcing behaviour. What helped make the repayment process be manageable for borrowers was that loans were paid in small weekly instalments rather than one lump sum to worry about at the end of the loan period. )Application of ethical theory: Grameen Bank's focus on bo rrowers becoming self reliant relates to them developing virtues of self reliance and not being burdensome to others. Yunnus argued 19 †On the recipient side, charity can have devastating effects. It robs the recipient of dignity, and it removes the incentive of having to generate income. It makes the recipient passive and satisfied with thinking ‘all I have to do is sit her with my hand out and I will earn a living† Instead, borrowers will developing a sense of ownership by coming 20 â€Å"With their own ideas† for business generation.In this respect Yunnus is treating borrowers as ends and not means as he leaving it up to them how they behave. The programme develops members sense of self-discipline of saving regularly as they had to 21 â€Å"save for several months before they were eligible for to borrow. The requirement to save first also results in an investment in the institution that will lend to them – thus the loans they receive are financed not just by an outside faceless agency, but also by their own savings and those of their friends and neighbours. The borrowers are much more likely to be committed and conscientious about repaying. ’. Yunnus challenges the assumptions on human nature made by conventional banking paradigms by issuing collateral free loans without any contracts. 22 â€Å"Grameen assumes that every borrower is basically honest. We may be accused of being naive, but it saves us having to fill in all those endless documents And in 99 per cent of the cases our trust turns out to be vindicated. Bad loans of 0. 5 per cent is the cost of doing business, and it also represents a constant reminder of what we need to improve in order to succeed. † Micro-finance proponents can't be completely 3 â€Å" ethical claiming to reduce poverty while pursuing other objectives. This is particularly so because other people’s money is involved†. The intentions of institutions should be transparen t, e. g. through a mission statement and should not be cloaked in language that hides agendas of e. g. making a profit for shareholders, by only stressing social objectives. 24 â€Å"Furthermore the imbalance of power between the lender and the borrower. † surely makes it harder for borrowers to pursue their own interests as they have to be reconciled with the banks financial interest.Within the framework of the ethics of Immanuel Kant, Professor Yunnus succeeds ethically as is acting from the altruistic motive of reducing poverty. Kant agreeed that 25 â€Å"to act from a good will is to act from duty. † Aristotle takes a stricter approach by arguing that acts are ethical if agents go beyond just doing so from a sense of duty. For instance, someone only went to visit an elderly relative out of a sense of duty, and not from any greater concern for the relatives welfare.Muhammad Yunnus's focus on helping the poor maintain their sense of dignity by becoming more self reli ant is consistent with Kant's approach as Kant argues 26 â€Å"â€Å"Our free will is what gives us our dignity and unconditioned worth† This of course relates to Kant maintaining that people should be considered as ends in themselves rather than means to someone else's end. Kant's stress on the universality of ethical principles is relevant to the potential problem of people stopping viewing promises as binding.The group dynamic principle of micro-finance surely make the promises of members more binding as otherwise it would seem that if one person got away with not paying, then no one would and then the bank would not lend to them.. Additionally, as the borrowers and the bank are both benefitting so 27 †No one (is) used merely as a means in an voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. † Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill's Utilitatarianism holds that the ethical utility of actions can be measured by the consequences. This approach is onsistent wi th the cost-benefit analysis adopted by contemporary businessses where the utility being measured is profit. In the case of Grameen Bank the utility can be measure by a) the rate of loan repayment According to Yunnus the default rate was only 28 â€Å"0. 5 per cent†. However, on the other hand many members of Grameen were unhappy with their savings being ‘lockked-in' and 29 â€Å" were leaving the organisation in order to realise their (often substantial) compulsory savings. † Such members went on strike in 1995 to protest at being denied accesss to their savings. 30 â€Å"The financial consequences of the strike were profound.According to an unpublished Grameen Bank internal report (1996), in Tangail District the cumulative un-repaid amount had climbed to over $2 million. † More generally, in terms of consequences for members there have been benefits. The scheme has helped the majority to build up savings that could be used as capital. Additionally it the scheme has helped reduce income poverty 31 â€Å"Grameen bank members had incomes about 28 % higher than the target group of non-participants. † Act utilitarianism seems like the most appropriate branch of Utilitarianism to apply to Grameen bank and Muhammad Yunnus.An act is right' if it maximises utility. A sort of moral s is used to calculate the long term benefits and harm for each actor and then compute the result. But there is the problem of time-framing how long a period eto consider. One is reminded of Keynes quote ‘in the long term we are all dead'. Act utilitarian’s consider themselves equally with others so are not egoist in just assessing whether an act maximises their own individual utility or well being. Yunnus does seem sincere in doing that and is aiming to benefit the members as opposed to just enriching himself.However on the other hand, Utilitarianism could be consistent with the Grameen member group dynamic process discussed earlier. Members r ealise that there will be bad consequences for them and their peers if they don't follow the ‘rule' of repaying' and so are compelled to follow the rule. Robert Solomon, writing in ‘A companion to business ethics' argues that 32 â€Å" â€Å"In business ethics it is generally agreed that three elements, the principles of an action, the action itself, and the action's consequences must be taken into account. However there is another option†: virtue ethics.Grameen's ethos of borrowers using using the loans to become self employed is connected to them developing the character traits consistent with the virtue of self reliance. Aristotle deemed behaviour a virtuous if is it was consistent with a 33 †mean between the extremes† of e. g. being dependent on someone else's act of charity and being selfish. As the 34â€Å"Various virtues reinforce one another†, the principle can be applied to the Grameen member group dynamic of mutually reinforcing behav iour encouraging the repayment of the loan.In this case it is the non relative virtue of trustworthiness that is being reinforced. It could also be argued that different members are motivated by Aristotle's 33 â€Å"Idea of practice- shared cooperative activity with mutually understood goals and ways of doing things. Conclusion Muhammad Yunnus set up Grameen bank with a good motive out of concern for the poor. Yes, this pure motive has been diluted by the pragmatic need for the bank to be financially self sustaining. For instance the previous use of locked in loans would be termed coercive by Kant, so in this aspect the borrowers are being treated as means.How the bank lets members come up with their own ideas for business generation is consistent with Kant’s belief on people’s free will that enables them to be rational and moral. Furthermore as both the bank and the borrowers are benefitting from this economic exchange, then the borrowers are not being treated as mea ns and so this would pass Kant’s test of whether it is ethical. It is difficult to measure the individual benefits and downsides experienced by the individual members, thus making it a less effective ethical yardstick. However the high repayment rate does score well on the Utilitarian scale.But ultimately, Muhammad Yunnus is motivate by concern at the suffering of the rural poor. Crucially he wants to help them help themselves. One is reminded of Bob Geldof’s fishing rod analogy –better to give a man a fishing rod, than a fish. Yunnus and Grameen bank are thus actively promoting the virtue of self reliance. Additionally they are promoting the virtues of co-operation and trust via the group dynamic and by the fact the loans are collateral and contract free. Critics of Yunnus may have attacked him because he isn’t the perfect philanthropist. Rather, he is a socially responsible businessman.Bibliography Wright, Graham, ‘Micro-finance systems' 2000, The University Press, Zed Books, London. Roy, Ananya, ‘Poverty Capital' 2010, Routledge, Oxford. Activities that are unlikely to create indebtedness† Rutherford, Stuart, †The Poor and Their Money', 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor', 1999, Aurum Press, London Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences', article in ‘LONG RANGE PLANNING   Ã‚  Volume: 43   Ã‚  Issue: 2-3   Ã‚  Special Issue: Sp.Iss. SI   Ã‚  Pages: 308-325   Ã‚  Published: APR-JUN 2010 Rutherford, S, ‘The Poor and Their Money' , 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to business ethics', 2002, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? Microfinance: Are its promises ethically justified? CEB Working Paper N ° 0 7/014 June 2007 References 1. Wright, G, Microfinance Systems, page 2 2â€Å" â€Å" page 1 3â€Å" â€Å" page 5 3. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 10 4.Wright, G, page 71 6. Wright, G, page 69 7. Wright, G, page 139 8 Wright, G, page 139 9. Wright, G, page 6 10. Wright, G, page 8 11. Wright, G, page 8 12. Wright, G, page 11 13. Roy, A, ‘Poverty Capital, page 13 14. Roy, A, page 23 15. Vanroose, A, CEB Working paper, page 11 16. Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences', Page 314 17. Ditto 18. Ditto 19. Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor', page 22 20. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 114 21. Wright, G, Microfinance systems, page 137 2. Yunnus, ‘Banker to the poor’, page 111 23 Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? , page 4 24. Ditto 25. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to Business Ethi cs, Chapter 1 by Solomon, R, page 3 26. â€Å" â€Å" page 4 27. Frederik, R, page 7 28. Yunnus, M, ‘Banker to the poor’ page 111 29. Wright, G, page 78 30. Wright, G page 78 31. Yunnus, & Lehman-Ortega, page 12 32. Frederick, R, page 30 33. Frederick, R, page 30 34. Frederick,R page 32